Replication of data objects from a source server to a target server

ABSTRACT

Data objects are replicated from a source storage managed by a source server to a target storage managed by a target server. A source list is built of objects at the source server to replicate to the target server. The target server is queried to obtain a target list of objects at the target server. A replication list is built indicating objects on the source list not included on the target list to transfer to the target server. For each object in the replication list, data for the object not already at the target storage is sent to the target server and metadata on the object is sent to the target server to cause the target server to include the metadata in an entry for the object in a target server replication database. An entry for the object is added to a source server replication database.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a computer program product, system, and method for replication of data objects from a source server to a target server.

2. Description of the Related Art

Data replication is used to replicate data belonging to multiple nodes from one server to another server, so that if the main source server to which data is being backed-up goes down, the clients can recover their data from the replication site. A storage-management server such as Tivoli® Storage Manager (TSM) stores data objects in one or more storage pools and uses a database for tracking metadata about the stored objects. (Tivoli is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation worldwide). The storage management server may replicate the data objects to a remote location for disaster recovery purposes. Some of the methods used to transfer data to a remote location include physically transporting tapes containing copies of the data from the source site to the disaster recovery site, electronically transmitting the data (TSM export/import) or using hardware replication of the source site disk storage to create a mirror of the data. Available replication hardware devices include Virtual Tape Library (VTL) products that perform block-level replication using deduplication hardware.

Data deduplication is a data compression technique for eliminating redundant data to improve storage utilization. Deduplication reduces the required storage capacity because only one copy of a unique data unit, also known as a chunk or extent, is stored. Disk based storage systems, such as a storage management server and Virtual Tape Library (VTL), may implement deduplication technology to detect redundant data chunks, and reduce duplication by avoiding redundant storage of such chunks.

A deduplication system operates by dividing a file into a series of chunks, or extents. The deduplication system determines whether any of the chunks are already stored, and then proceeds to only store those non-redundant chunks. Redundancy may be checked with chunks in the file being stored or chunks already stored in the system.

There is a need in the art for improved techniques for replicating objects from one server to another.

SUMMARY

Provided are a computer program product, system, and method for replication of data objects from a source storage managed by a source server to a target storage managed by a target server. A source list is built of objects at the source server to replicate to the target server. The target server is queried to obtain a target list of objects at the target server. A replication list is built indicating objects on the source list not included on the target list to transfer to the target server. For each object in the replication list, data for the object not already at the target storage is sent to the target server and metadata on the object is sent to the target server to cause the target server to include the metadata in an entry for the object in a target server replication database. An entry for the object is added to a source server replication database.

In a further embodiment, a query is received from the source server for a target list of objects at the target server. The target list of the objects at the target server are sent to the source server. Data for objects to store in the target storage is received from the source server. Metadata for the data received for the objects to replicate is received from the source server. An entry is added to a target server replication database for each object for which data is received including the metadata received for the object.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a computing environment in which embodiments are implemented.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of object information.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a source and target replication database entry.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a chunk storage information entry.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a chunk index entry.

FIGS. 6, 7 a, and 7 b illustrate an embodiment of operations to process a replication request.

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of operations to replicate objects using deduplication.

FIG. 9 illustrates an implementation of a node in the network computing embodiment.

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a cloud computing environment.

FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of abstraction model layers of a cloud computing environment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described embodiments replicate data objects from a source server to a target server in a manner that more optimally utilizes transmission bandwidth by avoiding the transmission of data that is already available in the target server. The source server further sends metadata on objects having data or chunks already available at the target server to cause the target server to add an entry to a replication database for objects already at the target server and to ensure consistency of data and metadata. The described embodiments allow the user to provide replication criteria to allow selection and filtering of objects to replicate at an object level. Further embodiments also employ deduplication to avoid sending over chunks of objects being replicated that are already stored on the target server.

FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a computing environment 2 having a source server 4 a and target server 4 b including a source replication manager 6 a and target replication manager 6 b, respectively, to replicate the data for objects at a source storage 8 a to a target storage 8 b. Either server 4 a, 4 b device may function as the source and target server. The replication may be performed on behalf of a client node connected to the source server 4 a to replicate objects owned by the client node. The source server 4 a and target server 4 b maintain data objects as defined in the object information 10 a and 10 b, respectively. The data for the data objects, which may be in the form of separate units of data referred to as chunks 12 a, 12 b, are maintained in the source storage 8 a and target storage 8 b, respectively. Each server 4 a, 4 b maintains chunk storage information 14 a, 14 b indicating locations in the storage 8 a, 8 b where chunks of the data objects defined in the object information 10 a, 10 b are located. The object information 10 a, 10 b includes metadata or entries for each defined data object, comprised of an ordered list of chunks 12 a, 12 b of data assigned to each object.

The source server 4 a and target server 4 b maintain a source replication database 16 a and target replication database 16 b, respectively, having information on data objects at the source server 4 a replicated to the target server 4 b on behalf of a client node. The source server 4 a further maintains and uses a source list 30 having objects on the source server 4 a to replicate satisfying a replication criteria, such as owning client node, filespace at the client node, and data type; a target list 32 having objects on the target server 4 b satisfying the replication criteria; a target inventory 34 of objects in the target server 4 b, including a unique identifier or attribute to uniquely identify the objects; and a replication list 36 of files on the source list 30 not on the target list 32 to replicate to the target server 4 b. The criteria used to build the target inventory 34 may be broader or the same as the replication criteria.

A deduplication component 24 provides deduplication services for the source 4 a and target 4 b servers to ensure that when the source server 4 a or the target server 4 b sends object data that duplicate chunks already present in the receiving server 4 a, 4 b are not resent. The deduplication component 24 includes a deduplication manager 26 to perform deduplication operations and a chunk index 28, such as a deduplication index, providing information on chunks 12 a, 12 b that have been assigned to objects. The deduplication manager 26 ensures that only one copy of each chunk is maintained in the source 8 a and target 8 b storages when data objects are transferred between the source 4 a and target 4 b servers, although one chunk in one storage 8 a, 8 b may be included in multiple data objects defined for the server 4 a, 4 b managing that storage. The deduplication manager 26 may also maintain object information 10 c, having information on the assignment of chunks to objects in the source 4 a and target 4 b servers.

To perform deduplication, upon having a new or unchanged chunk in a data object, the source replication manager 6 a or other component may obtain a hash for the chunk from a database, such as the chunk storage information 14 a, 4 b. In an alternative embodiment, the source replication manager 6 a may calculate the hash. The source replication manager 6 a communicates the accessed hash for the chunk to the deduplication manager 26 to determine whether the chunk index 28 has a matching hash. If not, the deduplication manager 26 notifies the source replication manager 6 a that the chunk is new, and the source replication manager 6 a sends a full copy of the new or changed chunk in a data object to the target server 4 b to store in the target storage 8 b. Otherwise, if the chunk index 28 has a matching copy of the hash, then the source replication manager 6 a need not transfer a full copy of the chunk. Instead, the source replication manager 6 a may transfer the digest for the chunk and its location in the object. Alternatively, the source replication manager 6 a may interact with the deduplication component 24 to determine whether it needs to send a chunk to the target server 4 b.

In a source-side deduplication embodiment, the source replication manager 6 a communicates with the deduplication manager 26 to determine whether chunks need to be sent to the target server 4 b, so that only new chunks not already indicated in the chunk index 28 as in the target storage 8 b are sent to the target server 4 b. In a target-side deduplication embodiment, the source server 4 a sends all the chunks of a data object to replicate to the target server 4 b, and the target replication manager 6 b requests the deduplication component 24 to determine which chunks are new chunks that need to be stored in the target storage 8 a.

The source server 4 a, target server 4 b and deduplication component 24 may be implemented in separate computer devices that communicate over a network, such as a local area network (LAN), storage area network (SAN), wide area network (WAN), etc. In further embodiments, the source server 4 a, target 4 b, and/or deduplication components 24 may be implemented on one or two computer systems. If the source server 4 a, target server 4 b, and/or deduplication component 24 are in the same system, then they may communicate over a bus or via memory.

The source 8 a and target 8 b storages may be configured in one or more storage devices known in the art, such as interconnected hard disk drives (e.g., configured as a DASD, RAID, JBOD, etc.), solid state storage devices (e.g., EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), flash memory, flash disk, storage-class memory (SCM)), electronic memory, magnetic tape media, tape cartridges, etc.

The source replication manager 6 a, target replication manager 6 b, and deduplication manager 26 may comprise software programs in a memory executed by a processor. In an alternative embodiment, some portion or all of the programs 6 a, 6 b, and 26 may be implemented in a hardware component, such as a dedicated integrated circuit, e.g., Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), expansion card, etc.

Although the source replication manager 6 a, target replication manager 6 b, and deduplication manager 26 are shown as separate components, in alternative implementations the functions performed by these components 6 a, 6 b, and 26 may be implemented in a single program component in a single computer system or in more than two program components in more than two computer devices. For instance, the deduplication component 24 may be implemented separately at the source server 4 a and the target server 4 b, or part of the source replication manager 6 a or target replication manager 6 b components. In embodiments where the deduplication component 24 is separately implemented in each server 4 a, 4 b, each server 4 a, 4 b may have its own deduplication component 24 and maintain object information 10 c and chunk index 28.

The source 6 a and target 6 b replication managers may be used by client nodes to recover objects as part of a restore operation.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of object information 50 for one object maintained in the object information 10 a, 10 b, 10 c. The object information 50 for one object includes an identifier (ID) 52 of the object, and identification information for one or more chunks 54 a, 54 b . . . 54 n of data assigned to the object 52. The object information 50 may maintain an ordered list of the references to chunks (C₁ . . . C_(n)) indicating the order 1 . . . n in which the chunks appear in the data object. For each chunk (C_(i)), the object information 54 i maintains a digest (d_(i)) of the chunk and a length (l_(i)) of the chunk. In this way, the object information 50 provides a reference to the chunks included in the data object, such as digest and length, but not the actual data. The digest (d) may be calculated by processing the chunk to generate a unique value for the chunk. For instance, in one embodiment, the digest may comprise a cryptographic digest, such as MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5) or SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1), which calculates cryptographic hashes of each chunk in the data object.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of an entry 60 in the source 16 a and target 16 b replication databases for each object being replicated from the source server 4 a to the target server 4 b. The entry 60 includes an object identifier (ID) 62; an object unique attribute 64 providing a unique identifier of the object, such as a signature, hash value or unique naming convention; a server identifier (ID) 66 comprising an identifier of the server 4 a, 4 b maintaining the object 62; a replication server ID 68 identifying the other server 4 a, 4 b in the replication relationship (for instance, an entry 60 in the source replication database 16 a has the identifier of the target server 4 b for field 68 and an entry 60 in the target replication database 16 b has the identifier of the source server 4 a for field 68); a replicated object ID 70 identifying the identifier assigned to the object in the replication server 68; a server node identifier (ID) 72 providing the source server 4 a identifier of the client node owning the object 60; a source server 4 a identifier of the filespace ID 74 identifying the filespace including the object 60; a replication server node ID 76 comprising the identifier the target server 4 b, i.e., replication server, assigns to the client node owning the object 60; a replication server filespace ID 78 comprising an identifier the target server 4 b (replication server) assigns to the filespace including the object 60; and a data type ID 80 identifying a data type of the object 60.

Thus, in certain embodiments, each server 4 a, 4 b assigns its own ID for the node 72 and 76 and filespace 74 and 78, respectively.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a chunk storage information entry 81 the source server 4 a and target server 4 b maintain in their respective chunk storage information 14 a, 14 b for each chunk 12 a, 12 b maintained in the respective storage 8 a, 8 b they manage. The chunk storage entry information 81 includes a chunk ID 82; a storage location 84 in the storage 8 a, 8 b of the identified chunk 82, such as a logical or physical address, identifying where the chunk is stored in the storage 8 a, 8 b; and a reference count 86 indicating the number of objects at the source 4 a or target 4 b server referencing the chunk. A dereferenced chunk 12 a, 12 b not referenced in any object has a reference count 86 of zero and may be eligible for deletion if space is needed in the storage 8 a, 8 b.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a deduplication index entry 90 maintained by the deduplication manager 26 in the chunk index 28 for each chunk 12 a, 12 b stored in the storages 8 a, 8 b. The index entry 90 includes a chunk identifier (ID) 92 of the chunk in storage 8 a, 8 b, a hash value 94 computed from the chunk represented by the chunk ID 92, and a length 96 of the chunk. When determining whether to transmit a copy of the chunk 12 a to the target server 4 b, the source replication manager 14 a may provide the hash and length of the chunk to the deduplication component 24, and the deduplication manager 26 may determine whether one entry 90 in the chunk index 28 has a hash value 94 and length 96 matching those values for the chunk 12 a being sent by the source replication manager 6 a to determine whether the source replication manager 6 a needs to transmit the chunk 12 a or just an identifier of the chunk 12 a, e.g., the digest and length. The chunk index entry 90 may further include additional information to manage the chunks 12 a, 12 b in the storages 8 a, 8 b.

In this way, the subcomponents of a data object, referred to herein as chunks, are stored separately from the objects in which they are included. A chunk 12 a, 12 b may comprise an extent of tracks, a block of data or any other definable subunit of data that may be assigned to an object. These chunks 12 a, 12 b may have fixed or variable length. An object may comprise any grouping of data units, such as a file, object, database, etc.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of operations performed by the source 6 a and target 6 b replication managers to replicate objects at the source server 4 a to the target server 4 b. Control begins with the source replication manager 6 a receiving (at block 100) a replication request to replicate objects based on one or more criteria, such as the client node owning the object, filespace within client node including the object, and a data type of the object. In response to the request, the source replication manager 6 a validates (at block 102) the target server 4 b configuration to determine if the target server 4 b supports replication. If (at block 104) the target server 4 b was not validated, then the replication operation fails (at block 106). Otherwise, if the target server 4 b is replication compatible, then the servers 4 a, 4 b swap (at block 108) unique identifiers if this is the first time that replication has occurred between the servers 4 a, 4 b. Servers 4 a, 4 b may maintain the server unique identifiers of a server available for replication in the replication databases 16 a, 16 b.

An administrator may request that synchronization be performed between the source 4 a and target servers 4 b to update the source 16 a and target 16 b replication databases to reflect that objects that have already been imported to the target server 4 b are replicated, so that a redundant replication is not performed for those objects already at the target server 4 b. If (at block 109) synchronization is required, then control proceeds to block 110 to synchronize, else, if synchronization is not requested or required, then control proceeds (at block 130) to FIG. 7 a to perform replication.

If (at block 109) synchronization is required, then the source replication manager 6 a queries (at block 110) the target server 4 b for the target inventory 34 of files at the target server 4 b that satisfy a first criteria (e.g., client node to replicate). Upon receiving (at block 112) the query, the target replication manager 6 b sends (at block 114) to the source server 4 a the inventory 34 of the objects at the target server 4 b that satisfy the first criteria. In response to receiving (at block 116) the target inventory 34 of files, the source replication manager 6 a determines (at block 118) objects at the source server 4 a matching those listed in the target inventory 34 from the target server 4 b. A unique attribute 64 (FIG. 3) of the objects at the source 4 a and target 4 b servers may be compared to determine if the target 4 b has objects matching those at the source 4 a, such as a signature, unique file name, hash value, etc.

The source replication manager 6 a sends (at block 120) metadata for the determined objects matching those listed in the inventory 36 to the target server 4 b. The source replication manager 6 a adds (at block 122) an entry 60 (FIG. 3) to the source replication database 16 a for the determined objects including the information the source replication manager 6 a has available.

In response to receiving (at block 124) the metadata, the target replication manager 6 b adds (at block 126) an entry 60 to the target server replication database 16 b for each object for which metadata is received for the objects matching those listed in the inventory 36. In this way, those objects the target server 4 b already has do not need to be transferred as part of replication, and synchronization updates the target replication database 16 b to reflect those objects as replicated. The target replication manager 6 b returns (at block 128) an object ID of the added object to the source replication manager 6 a to include in the replicated object ID 70 in the entry 60 for the object in the source replication database 16 a. The target replication manager 6 b may also return the replication server node ID 76 and replication server filespace ID 78 to the replication manager 6 a to include in entry for the object in the source server replication database 16 a.

After performing the operations to add entries to synchronize the source 16 a and target 16 b replication databases to include entries for all objects satisfying a certain criteria that are already on both the source 4 a and target 4 b servers, control proceeds (at block 130) to block 150 in FIG. 7 a to begin replication. The synchronization operations of FIG. 6 allow customers to synchronize the replication databases 16 a, 16 b to make objects existing on the target server 4 b that have matching objects on the source server 4 a appear as if they were replicated.

FIGS. 7 a and 7 b illustrate an embodiment of operations performed by the source 6 a and target 6 b replication managers to perform the replication operation. Upon initiating (at block 150) replication, the source replication manager 6 a builds (at block 152) a source list 30 of objects at the source server 4 a to replicate to the target server 4 b satisfying a replication criteria (e.g. client node, filespace, data type), where the replication criteria used to determine files to replicate may be broader than the criteria used to determine the target inventory 34 (e.g., client node alone) at the target sever 4 b. The source replication manager 6 a queries (at block 154) the target server 4 b to obtain the target list 32 of objects at the target server 4 b that satisfy the second criteria. In response to the query, the target replication manager 6 b sends (at block 158) to the source server 4 a the target list 32 of the objects at the target server 4 b that satisfy the replication criteria. Upon receiving the target list 32, the source replication manager 6 a builds (at block 160) a replication list 36 indicating objects on the source list 30 not included on the target list 32 to transfer to the target server 4 b.

For each object in the source list 30, the source replication manager 6 a performs (at block 162 through 174) the operations at blocks 164 through 172 to replicate the object to the target server 4 b. The loop at blocks 162 through 174 may end and proceed to block 184 after processing all objects in the source list 30, or may end upon occurrence of some other condition. If (at block 164) the object is on the replication list 36, then the source replication manager 6 a sends data for the object to the target replication manager 6 b. In one embodiment, the source replication manager 6 a may only send data or chunks 12 a for the object that are not already in the target storage 8 b. Alternatively, the source replication manager 6 a may send the entire object regardless of whether the target storage 8 b has chunks 12 b matching chunks in the object being replicated. After sending the data for the object to replicate (from block 168) or if the object is not on the replication list 36, indicating that the target server 4 b already has the object, then the source replication manager 6 a sends (at block 170) metadata on the object to the target server 4 b, such as the information in the entry 60 (FIG. 3). The source replication manager 6 a adds (at block 172) an entry 60 to the source replication database 16 a for the object including the information in the fields shown in FIG. 3

Upon receiving (at block 176) the metadata and data (if any data is sent at block 168 for an object in the replication list 36), the target replication manager 6 a stores (at block 178) any received data for the object in the target storage 8 a (data may not be received if the target storage 8 b already has chunks 12 b for the object) and adds (at block 180) an entry 60 to the target server replication database 16 b for the object for which metadata is received including IDs 62, 70, 72, 74, 76, and 78 in source 4 a and target 4 b servers and other information in entry 60 (FIG. 3). The target replication manager 6 b may further return (at block 182) a replicated object ID 70, replication server node ID 76, and replication server filespace ID 78 of the added object at the target server 4 b to the source server 4 a to include in the entry for the object in the source replication database 16 a.

After adding entries to the source 16 a and target 16 b replication databases for all the objects to replicate, control proceeds (at block 184) to block 186 in FIG. 7 b where the source replication manager 6 a determines (at block 186) objects to delete that are on the target list 32 but not on the source list 30, or objects at the target server 4 b that are not part of the objects in the source server 4 a subject to replication. The source replication manager 6 a communicates (at block 188) with the target server 4 b to cause the target server 4 b to delete the determined objects to delete from the target server 4 b. In response to the communication, the target replication manager 6 b deletes (at block 190) entries for objects to delete from the target server replication database 16 b. Any chunks 12 b in deleted objects that are not referenced by any other object are dereferenced (at block 194). When deleting an object, the reference count 86 in the entries 82 (FIG. 4) for the chunks 12 b in the object are decremented, and any chunks 82 having a reference count of zero are indicated as dereferenced and eligible for removal at some point.

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of operations performed by the source 6 a and target 6 b replication managers to replicate objects using deduplication. The operations of FIG. 8 are performed when the source replication manager 6 a sends data for the object to the target server 4 b at block 168 in FIG. 7 a. Upon sending the object, the source replication manager 6 a invokes the deduplication manager 26 to determine (at block 202) chunks in the object to send and then uses deduplication (at block 204) to determine a set of chunks 12 a in the object that are not stored in the target storage 8 b. The deduplication manager 26 may use the chunk index 28 to make this determination. The deduplication manager 26 or source replication manager 6 a sends (at block 206) the determined set of chunks to the target server 4 b to store in the target storage 8 b and sends a list of chunk identifiers, such as the digest (d_(i)) and length (l_(i)), of chunks 12 a in the object already in the target storage 8 b. Upon receiving (at block 208) the chunks for the data object, the target replication manager 6 b stores (at block 210) the received chunks in the target storage 8 b. The target replication manager 6 b indicates (at block 212) in the entry 60 for the object in the target server replication database 16 b links to the chunks in the object for which the identification information, e.g., digest (d_(i)) and length (l_(i)), is provided that are already stored in the target storage and links to chunks added to the target storage 8 b.

In described embodiments, the source replication manager 6 a may encrypt data being transmitted to the target server 4 b that is decrypted at the target server 4 b. Further, object level replication allows the administrator/user to specify what data objects to replicate, and to provide for an incremental replication of only those chunks of objects to replicate that are not already stored at the target server 4 b and storage 8 b.

In certain embodiments, separate hardware and operating systems are provided at the source 4 a and target 4 b servers to allow for hardware and operating system independence. Further, the source 4 a and target 4 b servers may be implemented with heterogeneous hardware and operating systems.

In certain embodiments, the replication target server 4 b may provide a hot standby at a remote location with respect to the source server 4 a. If the source server 4 a fails, client operations such as backup and restore can be redirected to the target server 4 b, which is already operational for replication.

In further embodiments, multiple source servers 4 a (e.g., at remote offices) can be replicated to a single target server 4 b (e.g., at a central data center).

Further embodiments may provide logical groupings of different sets of objects, such that incomplete groups of objects on the target server 4 b are not visible to the client node until the group is complete. Partial groups are maintained on the target server 4 b to prevent the resending of objects. For instance, objects forming a logical group may be sent to the target server 4 b during replication. In certain situations, some of the objects in the group might not be sent because of an error or the process being cancelled. In this situation, objects that were replicated remain at the target server and the target server marks the group not having all objects as incomplete. These incomplete groups are not made available to the client node during restore. At a later time, after replication has transferred the missing files, the group is marked completed and made available to the client node.

With the described embodiments, the replication between the source and target seeks to minimize the amount of data transmitted for objects sent to the target server by doing a check at the object level of objects already at the target server 4 b and then when sending an object doing deduplication to avoid sending chunks for a data object already available at the target server 4 b. Further, with described embodiments, the source replication manager 16 a sends to the target replication manager 16 b metadata on objects to replicate that are already stored at the target server 4 b to cause the target replication manager 6 b to add an entry to the target replication database 16 b for the object to replicate already at the target server 4 b.

Cloud Computing Embodiments

The computing environment of FIG. 1 may be part of a cloud computing model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g. networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. The cloud computing implementation is described with respect to FIGS. 9-1. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models.

Characteristics are as follows:

On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service's provider.

Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick source platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).

Resource pooling: the provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).

Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.

Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.

Service Models are as follows:

Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various source devices through a thin source interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.

Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).

Deployment Models are as follows:

Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.

Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.

Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services.

Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds).

A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising a network of interconnected nodes.

FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a cloud computing node 300 which may comprise an implementation of the source server 4 a, target server 4 b, and deduplication 24 components, where the components may be implemented in one or more of the nodes 300. Cloud computing node 300 is only one example of a suitable cloud computing node and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of embodiments of the invention described herein. Regardless, cloud computing node 300 is capable of being implemented and/or performing any of the functionality set forth hereinabove.

In cloud computing node 300 there is a computer system/server 302, which is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with computer system/server 302 include, but are not limited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin sources, thick sources, handheld or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.

Computer system/server 302 may be described in the general context of computer system executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer system. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer system/server 302 may be practiced in distributed cloud computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer system storage media including memory storage devices.

As shown in FIG. 9, computer system/server 302 in cloud computing node 300 is shown in the form of a general-purpose computing device. The components of computer system/server 302 may include, but are not limited to, one or more processors or processing units 304, a system memory 306, and a bus 308 that couples various system components including system memory 306 to processor 304.

Bus 308 represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnects (PCI) bus.

Computer system/server 302 typically includes a variety of computer system readable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by computer system/server 302, and it includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media.

System memory 306 can include computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM) 310 and/or cache memory 312. Computer system/server 302 may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, storage system 313 can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In such instances, each can be connected to bus 308 by one or more data media interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below, memory 306 may include at least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out the functions of embodiments of the invention.

Program/utility 314, having a set (at least one) of program modules 316, may be stored in memory 306 by way of example, and not limitation, as well as an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networking environment. Program modules 316 generally carry out the functions and/or methodologies of embodiments of the invention as described herein.

Computer system/server 302 may also communicate with one or more external devices 318 such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display 320, etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact with computer system/server 12; and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server 302 to communicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur via Input/Output (I/O) interfaces 322. Still yet, computer system/server 302 can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet) via network adapter 324. As depicted, network adapter 324 communicates with the other components of computer system/server 302 via bus 308. It should be understood that although not shown, other hardware and/or software components could be used in conjunction with computer system/server 302. Examples, include, but are not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc.

Referring now to FIG. 10, illustrative cloud computing environment 350 is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment 350 comprises one or more cloud computing nodes 300 with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone 354A, desktop computer 354B, laptop computer 354C, and/or automobile computer system 354N may communicate. Nodes 300 may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment 350 to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices 354A-N shown in FIG. 10 are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes 300 and cloud computing environment 350 can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser).

Further, FIG. 10 shows a single cloud. However, certain cloud embodiments may provide a deployment model including a separate “Backup” or “Data Protection” cloud, in addition to the cloud having the customer/production data. Providing a separate and distinct additional cloud as the data protection cloud in order to separate whatever primary cloud model (provide, community, hybrid, etc) from the data protection cloud prevents a single point of failure and provides a greater degree of protection of the customer data in the separate backup cloud.

Referring now to FIG. 11, a set of functional abstraction layers provided by cloud computing environment 350 (FIG. 12) is shown. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shown in FIG. 11 are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided:

Hardware and software layer 360 includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include mainframes, in one example IBM® zSeries®systems; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers, in one example IBM pSeries® systems; IBM xSeries® systems; IBM BladeCenter® systems; storage devices; networks and networking components. Examples of software components include network application server software, in one example IBM WebSphere® application server software; and database software, in one example IBM DB2® database software. (IBM, zSeries, pSeries, xSeries, BladeCenter, WebSphere, and DB2 are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation registered in many jurisdictions worldwide).

Virtualization layer 362 provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers; virtual storage; virtual networks, including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems; and virtual sources.

In one example, management layer 364 may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may comprise application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA.

Workloads layer 366 provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation; software development and lifecycle management; virtual classroom education delivery; data analytics processing; transaction processing; and the replication services, such as described with respect to FIGS. 1-8, above.

The described operations may be implemented as a method, apparatus or computer program product using standard programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof. Accordingly, aspects of the embodiments may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the embodiments may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.

Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. A computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).

Aspects of the present invention are described above with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

The terms “an embodiment”, “embodiment”, “embodiments”, “the embodiment”, “the embodiments”, “one or more embodiments”, “some embodiments”, and “one embodiment” mean “one or more (but not all) embodiments of the present invention(s)” unless expressly specified otherwise.

The terms “including”, “comprising”, “having” and variations thereof mean “including but not limited to”, unless expressly specified otherwise.

The enumerated listing of items does not imply that any or all of the items are mutually exclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise.

The terms “a”, “an” and “the” mean “one or more”, unless expressly specified otherwise.

Devices that are in communication with each other need not be in continuous communication with each other, unless expressly specified otherwise. In addition, devices that are in communication with each other may communicate directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries.

A description of an embodiment with several components in communication with each other does not imply that all such components are required. On the contrary a variety of optional components are described to illustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments of the present invention.

Further, although process steps, method steps, algorithms or the like may be described in a sequential order, such processes, methods and algorithms may be configured to work in alternate orders. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be described does not necessarily indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. The steps of processes described herein may be performed in any order practical. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously.

When a single device or article is described herein, it will be readily apparent that more than one device/article (whether or not they cooperate) may be used in place of a single device/article. Similarly, where more than one device or article is described herein (whether or not they cooperate), it will be readily apparent that a single device/article may be used in place of the more than one device or article or a different number of devices/articles may be used instead of the shown number of devices or programs. The functionality and/or the features of a device may be alternatively embodied by one or more other devices which are not explicitly described as having such functionality/features. Thus, other embodiments of the present invention need not include the device itself.

The illustrated operations of FIGS. 6, 7 a, 7 b, and 8 show certain events occurring in a certain order. In alternative embodiments, certain operations may be performed in a different order, modified or removed. Moreover, steps may be added to the above described logic and still conform to the described embodiments. Further, operations described herein may occur sequentially or certain operations may be processed in parallel. Yet further, operations may be performed by a single processing unit or by distributed processing units.

The foregoing description of various embodiments of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto. The above specification, examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the composition of the invention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention resides in the claims herein after appended. 

1-26. (canceled)
 27. A method for replicating objects from a source storage managed by a source server to a target storage managed by a target server, comprising: building a source list of objects at the source server to replicate to the target server; querying the target server to obtain a target list of objects at the target server; building a replication list indicating objects on the source list not included on the target list to transfer to the target server; for each object in the replication list, performing: sending data for the object not already at the target storage to the target server; sending metadata on the object to the target server to cause the target server to include the metadata in an entry for the object in a target server replication database; adding an entry for the object to a source server replication database.
 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising: for each object on both the source list and the target list, performing: sending metadata for the object to the target server to cause the target server to include the metadata in an entry for the object in the target server replication database; and adding an entry for the object to the source server replication database.
 29. The method of claim 27, wherein each object is comprised of chunks, wherein the operations performed for each object on the replication list further comprise: determining chunks in the objects; and determining a first set of chunks in the object that are not stored at the target storage, wherein sending the data for the data object to the target server comprises sending the determined set of chunks to the target server to store in the target storage; and determining a second set of chunks in the object that are currently stored at the target storage; and sending chunk identifiers of chunks in the second set of chunks to the target server.
 30. The method of claim 27, further comprising: querying the target server for an inventory of objects at the target server that satisfy a first criteria; receiving from the target server the inventory of the objects; determining objects in the source server matching those listed in the inventory from the target server; sending metadata for the determined objects matching those listed in the inventory to the target server to cause the target server to include the metadata in an entry for the object in the target server replication database; and adding an entry for the object to the source server replication database, wherein the built source list includes objects to replicate at the source server that satisfy a second criteria.
 31. The method of claim 27, further comprising: determining objects to delete that are on the target list but not on the source list; and communicating with the target server to cause the target server to delete the determined objects to delete from the target server and target storage.
 32. A method for replicating objects from a source storage managed by a source server to a target storage managed by a target server, comprising: receiving a query from the source server for a target list of objects at the target server; sending the source server the target list of the objects at the target server; receiving from the source server data for objects to store in the target storage; receiving from the source server metadata for the data received for the objects to replicate; and adding an entry to a target server replication database for each object for which data is received including the metadata received for the object.
 33. The method of claim 32, further comprising: receiving metadata from the source server for each object to replicate that is already stored in the target storage; and adding to the target server replication database an entry for each object to replicate already stored in the target storage including the received metadata for the object.
 34. The method of claim 32, wherein each object is comprised of chunks, wherein receiving the data for at least one object comprises receiving only those chunks for the object from the source server that are not already stored in the target storage, further comprising: receiving from the source server a list of chunks in the object currently stored in the target storage; and for each object for which less than all chunks in the object were received from the target server, indicating in the entry for the object in the target server replication database links to the chunks in the list of chunks already stored in the target storage.
 35. The method of claim 32, further comprising: receiving from the source server a query for an inventory of objects at the target server that satisfy a first criteria; sending to the source server the inventory of the objects at the target server that satisfy the first criteria; receiving metadata for objects at the source server matching those listed in the inventory; and adding an entry to the target server replication database for each object for which metadata is received for the objects matching those listed in the inventory, wherein the entries include the metadata for the object, wherein the target list includes objects at the target server that satisfy a second criteria.
 36. The method of claim 32, further comprising: maintaining a group of objects stored in the target storage; and indicating the group of objects as incomplete in response to determining that not all the objects in the group have been received at the target server, wherein the group of objects indicated as incomplete are not made available to a client node during a restore operation.
 37. The method of claim 27, further comprising: for each object in the replication list, including in the entry for the object in the source server replication database an identifier of the object at the source server and an identifier of the object at the target server.
 38. The method of claim 30, wherein the first criteria comprises a client node originating the objects to replicate and wherein the second criteria comprises at least one of data type and filespace of objects at the client node.
 39. The method of claim 27, wherein the source and target servers provide for at least one of separate and independently operating hardware and operating systems; having the target server provide a hot standby mode for the source server; and heterogeneous hardware and operating systems.
 40. The method of claim 32, further comprising: for the entry for each object in the target server replication database, including an identifier of the object at the source server and an identifier of the object at the target server.
 41. The method of claim 32, wherein multiple source servers are replicated to the target server.
 42. The method of claim 36, further comprising: receiving objects for the group of objects indicated as incomplete; and indicating the group of objects as complete in response to having received all the objects in the group, wherein objects in the group indicated as complete are available to the client node during a restore operation. 